注释---
NOTES
Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly unstable. I have tried to remedy the instability by redirecting readers to the original source through the Web site associated with this book. For each link below, you can go to http://free-culture.cc/notes and locate the original source by clicking on the number after the # sign. If the original link remains alive, you will be redirected to that link. If the original link has disappeared, you will be redirected to an appro- priate reference for the material.

本文有许多参考文献是到万维网（World Wide Web）的链接。所有尝试过使用万维网的人都知道这些链接是极不稳定的。我尝试通过用与本书相关的网站将读者带到原始材料的出处来消除这种不稳定。下面的所有链接您都可以在 http://free-culture.cc/notes 找到，并可通过点击 # 号后面的数字查找到原始材料的出处。如果原始的链接可以使用，您会被带到那个链接。如果原始的链接已经没了，您会被带到其它与该材料相应的参考文献。

护封---(0)
Free Culture ---Chinese Edition (自由文化)
By Lawrence Lessig
jacket
护封
"FREE CULTURE is an entertaining and important look at the past and future of the cold war between the media industry and new technologies."
-- Marc Andreessen, cofounder of Netscape
《自由文化》对媒体产业和新技术之间冷战的过去和将来做了有趣和重要的审视。
《自由文化》对媒体产业和新技术间过去和未来的冷战做了有趣和重要的审视。
-- Marc Andreessen, 网景公司共同创始人
"The twenty-first century could be the century of unprecedented creativity, but only if we embrace the brilliantly articulated messages in Lawrence Lessig's FREE CULTURE. This book is beautifully written, crisply argued, and deeply provocative. Please read it!"
-- John Seely Brown, coauthor of THE SOCIAL LIFE OF INFORMATION and former Chief Scientist, Xerox PARC
“二十一世纪可以是【将会是】一个拥有前所未有的创造力的世纪，但只有当我们接受(not good enough for "embrace"拥抱) Lawrence Lessig在《自由文化》一书里所卓越地【精彩清晰地】表达出的讯息【时，这才能发生】。这本书文字精彩，思路【论点】清晰，而且深入凌厉【很有煽动 性，引人深思，引人争论】。请你【您】读它【读一读】！ ”
-- John Seely Brown, 【信息的社会生活】THE SOCIAL LIFE OF INFORMATION 作者之一，以及施乐公司【帕洛阿尔托研究中心】前首席科学家
【reference】
PARC
abbr.
Palo Alto Research Center
(施乐公司)帕洛阿尔托研究中心
编辑好的
“二十一世纪将会是个拥有前所未有的创造力的世纪，但只有当我们拥抱
Lawrence Lessig在《自由文化》一书里精彩清晰地表达出的讯息时，这才能发生。
这本书文字精彩，论点清晰，而且很能引人争论。请您读一读！ ”
-- John Seely Brown,《信息的社会生活（THE SOCIAL LIFE OF INFORMATION）》
作者之一，以及施乐公司帕洛阿尔托研究中心前首席科学家
/bjhd
"America needs a national conversation about the way in which so-called 'intellectual property rights' have come to dominate the rights of scholars, researchers, and everyday citizens. A copyright cartel, bidding for absolute control over digital worlds, music, and movies, now has a veto over technological innovation and has halted most contributions to the public domain from which so many have benefited. The patent system has spun out of control, giving enormous power to entrenched interests, and even trademarks are being misused. Lawrence Lessig's latest book is essential reading for anyone who want to join this conversation. He explains how technology and the law are robbing us of the public domain; but for all his educated pessimism, Professor Lessig offers some solutions, too, because he recognizes that technology can be the catalyst for freedom. If you care about the future of innovation, read this book."
-- Dan Gillmor, author of MAKING THE NEWS, an upcoming book on the collision of media and technology
“美国需要【删除：一个】全国范围【删除：的对话来讨论】【对】所谓‘知识产权’是如何开始支配【控制】学者，研究人员和普通公民的权利【的讨 论】。一个版权【删除：法】的同盟【垄断集团】，正在收买【bidding for？投标；企图？】对数字世界，音乐和电影的绝对控制，现在已经有了对科技创新的否决权，并且终止了大多数对公众领域作出的让许多人受益的贡献【曾让 许多人受益的对公共领域的贡献】。专利系统【制度】已经失去了控制，给予根深蒂固（entrenched???现有的/固有)的利益集团【删除：们】巨大 的权力；甚至商标法也被滥用。 Lawrence Lessig的最新一书是任何想要参与这个讨论的人的基本读物。他解释了【技术合法律是如何掠夺】我们的公众领域【删除：是如何被技术和法律所抢夺的】； 但对于他所有有根据的悲观主义，Lessig教授也给我们提供了【一些】解决办法，因为他认识到技术可以成为自由的催化剂【促进自由】。如果你【您】关心 创新的将来【未来】，读【读】这本书。”
-- Dan Gillmor, MAKING THE NEWS，一本即将出版的关于媒体和技术之间冲突的书的作者 （译者注：书名可能起了变化：《我们－－媒体，源于人民、服务人民的基层新闻业 （We the Media, Grassroots Journalism by the People, for the People）》）
编辑好的
“美国需要个全国范围的讨论，讨论一下于所谓的‘知识产权’是如何开始控制
学者，研究人员和普通公民的权利的。一个版权的垄断集团，在投标对数字世界，
音乐和电影的绝对控制的同时，如今已经有了对科技创新的否决权，并且终止了
曾让许多人受益的对公共领域的贡献。专利制度已经失去了控制，它给予固有的
利益集团巨大的权力；甚至商标法也被滥用。 Lawrence Lessig的最新一书是任
何想要参与这个讨论的人的基本读物。他解释了技术和法律是如何掠夺我们的公
众领域；但对于他所有的有根有据的的悲观主义，Lessig教授也给我们提供了一
些解决办法，因为他认识到技术可以成为自由的催化剂。如果您关心创新的未来，
读读这本书。”
-- Dan Gillmor, MAKING THE NEWS，一本即将出版的关于媒体和技术之间冲突的
书的作者 （译者注：书名可能起了变化：《我们－－媒体，源于人民、服务
人民的基层新闻业 （We the Media, Grassroots Journalism by the
People, for the People）》）
/编辑好的

"FREE CULTURE goes beyond illuminating the catastrophe to our culture of increasing regulation to show examples of how we can make a different future. These new-style heroes and examples are rooted in the traditions of the founding fathers in ways that seem obvious after reading this book. Recommended reading to those trying to unravel the shrill hype around 'intellectual property.'"
-- Brewster Kahle, founder of the Internet Archive
“《自由文化》【删除：超越了】揭示了(illuminating??【阐明了】)不断增加的管制对我们的文化造成的灾难，还【进一步用例子】展现 了我们如何能够创造【个】不同的将来【删除：的例子】。在阅读此书后，【会发现这些新型英雄和例子是植根于（美国）国父们的传统，而且是那么显而易见。】 这些新型的英雄们和例子与我们（的国家，指美国）的缔造者的传统源于同一根源在许多方面上变得显而易见。推荐给那些在努力揭露【拆穿separate and clarify the elements of sth mysterious】围绕着“知识产权”的言过其实的刺耳宣传的人们。”
-- Brewster Kahle, 互联网档案（Internet Archive？【存档】）的创办者

编辑好的
“《自由文化》阐明了不断增加的管制对我们文化造成的灾难，还进一步用例子
展现了我们如何创造个不同的未来。在阅读此书后您会发现这些新型英雄和例子
是植根于（美国）国父们的传统，而且这些又是那么的显而易见。那在努力拆穿
围绕着“知识产权”的刺耳和言过其实的宣传的人们，推荐你们读读这本书。”
-- Brewster Kahle, 互联网档案（Internet Archive）的创办者
鸣谢---(22)
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work helped launch a movement, the free culture movement, and it is to him that this book is dedicated.
I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and Kathleen Sullivan. And I received correction and guidance from many amazing students at Stanford Law School and Stanford University. They included Andrew B. Coan, John Eden, James P. Fellers, Christopher Guzelian, Erica Goldberg, Robert Hall- man, Andrew Harris, Matthew Kahn, Brian Link, Ohad Mayblum, Alina Ng, and Erica Platt. I am particularly grateful to Catherine Crump and Harry Surden, who helped direct their research, and to Laura Lynch, who brilliantly managed the army that they assembled, and provided her own critical eye on much of this.

Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me prepare this book: Joi Ito, Takayuki Matsutani, Naoto Misaki, Michihiro Sasaki, Hiromichi Tanaka, Hiroo Yamagata, and Yoshihiro Yonezawa. I am thankful as well as to Professor Nobuhiro Nakayama, and the Tokyo University Business Law Center, for giving me the chance to spend time in Japan, and to Tadashi Shiraishi and Kiyokazu Yamagami for their generous help while I was there.
These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive advice and correction from many whom I have never even met. Among those who have responded with extremely helpful advice to requests on my blog about the book are Dr. Mohammad Al-Ubaydli, David Gerstein, and Peter DiMauro, as well as a long list of those who had specific ideas about ways to develop my argument. They included Richard Bondi, Steven Cherry, David Coe, Nik Cubrilovic, Bob Devine, Charles Eicher, Thomas Guida, Elihu M. Gerson, Jeremy Hunsinger, Vaughn Iverson, John Karabaic, Jeff Keltner, James Lindenschmidt, K. L. Mann, Mark Manning, Nora McCauley, Jeffrey McHugh, Evan McMullen, Fred Norton, John Pormann, Pedro A. D. Rezende, Shabbir Safdar, Saul Schleimer, Clay Shirky, Adam Shostack, Kragen Sitaker, Chris Smith, Bruce Steinberg, Andrzej Jan Taramina, Sean Walsh, Matt Wasserman, Miljenko Williams, “Wink,” Roger Wood, “Ximmbo da Jazz,” and Richard Yanco. (I apologize if I have missed anyone; with computers come glitches, and a crash of my e-mail system meant I lost a bunch of great replies.)
Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to see more clearly the significance of the regulation of derivitive works. And Richard corrected an embarrassingly large number of errors. While my work is in part inspired by Stallman's, he does not agree with me in important places throughout this book.
Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has always been right. This slow learner is, as ever, grateful for her perpetual patience and love.
鸣谢　
本书是一个长期的并且至今尚未成功的斗争的产物,源于我获悉埃里克·埃尔德雷德（Eric Eldred）的让书籍免费的斗争。埃尔德雷德（Eldred）的工作帮助发起了一项运动，自由文化的运动，谨以此书献给他。

我从各地的朋友和学者那里得到了指导，他们是格兰·布朗（Glenn Brown）、彼得·迪可拉（Peter DiCola）、珍妮弗·Mnookin(Jennifer Mnookin)、理查德·波斯纳（Richard Posner)、马克·罗斯（Mark Rose）、以及卡特勒恩·叙利旺（Kathleen Sullivan）。并且得到斯坦福大学法学院和斯坦福大学的许多了不起的学生的批评与指导。他们是安德鲁·B·科恩（Andrew B. Coan）、约翰·伊登（John Eden）、詹姆斯·P·费勒斯（James P. Fellers）、克里斯托弗·古泽利安（Christopher Guzelian）、埃丽卡·戈尔德贝格（Erica Goldberg）、罗伯特·Hall- man(Robert Hall- man)、安德鲁·哈里斯（Andrew Harris）、马修·卡恩（Matthew Kahn）、布赖恩·林克（Brian Link）、Ohad Mayblum、阿林娜·额（Alina Ng）、和埃丽卡·普拉特（Erica Platt）。特别感谢凯瑟琳·克伦普（Catherine Crump）和Harry Surden帮助指导学生们的研究，感谢劳拉·林奇（Laura Lynch）对协作团队的卓越管理，并以其批评慧眼关注良多。

野口祐子（Yuko Noguchi）帮助我了解日本的法律和文化。感谢她，并且感谢那些在日本帮助我筹备此书的人们：伊藤穰一(Joi Ito)、松谷隆之(Takayuki Matsutani)、美崎直人(Naoto Misaki)、佐佐木道博(Michihiro Sasaki)、田中弘道(Hiromichi Tanaka)、山形浩夫(Hiroo Yamagata)、和米澤儀弘(Yoshihiro Yonezawa)。同样感谢中山信宏(Nobuhiro Nakayama)教授和东京大学商法研究中心, 提供给我来日本的机会，并且感谢白石正(Tadashi Shiraishi)、山上清和(Kiyokazu Yamagami)，为我在日本期间提供了慷慨帮助。

以上是从学术界获得的传统类型的帮助。此外，互联网也使我从许多素未谋面的人们那里获得建议和纠正成为可能。其中，穆罕默德·Al-Ubaydli(Mohammad Al-Ubaydli)博士，戴维·格施泰因(David Gerstein),以及彼得·DiMauro (Peter DiMauro)对我在我的网志上提出的请求作出回应，为此书提供了极其有帮助的建议，还有一长串名单上的许多人对如何展开我的论点提供了他们独特的想法。他们包括：理查德·邦迪（Richard Bondi）、史蒂文· Cheery(Steven Cheery)、戴维·科（David Coe）、尼克·丘布里洛维奇（Nik Cubrilovic）、鲍勃·迪瓦恩（Bob Devine）、查尔斯·艾克（Charles Eicher）、托马斯·吉达(Thomas Guida)、伊莱休·M·格尔森(Elihu M. Gerson)、赫雷米·Hunsinger(Jeremy Hunsinger)、沃恩·艾弗森(Vaughn Iverson)、约翰·Karabaic(John Karabaic)、杰夫·凯尔特纳(Jeff Keltner)、詹姆斯·林登施密特(James Lindenschmidt)、K·L·曼(K. L. Mann)、马克·曼宁(Mark Manning)、诺拉·麦考利(Nora McCauley)、杰弗里·麦克休(Jeffrey McHugh)、埃文·麦克马伦(Evan McMullen)、弗雷德·诺顿(Fred Norton)、约翰·Pormann(John Pormann)、佩德罗·A·D·雷森德(Pedro A. D. Rezende)、Shabbir·萨夫达尔(Shabbir Safdar)、绍尔·施莱默尔(Saul Schleimer)、克莱·舍基(Clay Shirky)、亚当·肖斯塔克(Adam Shostack)、克拉根·Sitaker(Kragen Sitaker)、克里斯·史密斯(Chris Smith)、布鲁斯·斯泰因贝里(Bruce Steinberg)、安杰伊·扬·Taramina(Andrzej Jan Taramina)、肖恩沃·尔什(Sean Walsh)、马特·沃瑟曼(Matt Wasserman)、米连科·威廉斯(Miljenko Williams)、"Wink"、罗杰·伍德(Roger Wood)、"Ximmbo da Jazz"，和理查德·Yanco(Richard Yanco)。（如有任何遗漏，我对此感到很抱歉；由于计算机出了问题，以及我的邮件系统崩溃，导致丢失了一大批有意义的回复。）
[iCuore 按，如果在此初稿中也有任何的遗漏，我也感到非常的抱歉，我的眼睛都看花了，不能保证全对，但是我会在定稿时仔细地对几遍人名。]

理查德·斯托尔曼(Richard Stallman)和迈克尔·卡罗尔利(Michael Carroll)都通读了本书草稿，并且都提供了极为有帮助的更正和建议。迈克尔(Michael)帮助我对衍生作品规则的意义有了更清晰的认识。理查德(Richard)纠正了一大堆令人难堪的错误。虽然斯托尔曼(Stallman)对我这本书的许多重要地方都有着不同的观点，我的写作也从他的评价中获得了部分灵感。
最后，并且永远，感谢贝蒂娜（Bettina），她总是坚持远离争斗会带来无尽的快乐，她总是对的。我这个迟钝的初学者，衷心感激她永远的耐心和爱。

索引---(2)
INDEX
ABC, 164, 321n academic journals, 学术期刊262, 280-82 Adobe eBook Reader, 148-53 advertising, 广告36, 45-46, 127, 145-46, 167-68, 321n
Africa, medications for HIV patients in,
257-61
Agee, Michael(迈克尔阿吉), 223-24, 225 agricultural patents,农业专利 313n Aibo robotic dog, 153-55, 156, 157, 160 AIDS medications, 艾滋病药物257-60
air traffic, land ownership vs., 1-3 Akerlof, George(乔治？), 232
Alben, Alex(阿历克斯阿尔本), 100-104, 105, 198-99, 295,
317n alcohol prohibition, 200 Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (Carroll),
152-53
Allen, Paul(保罗艾伦), 100
All in the Family, 164, 165 Amazon, 278
American Association of Law Libraries, 232 American Graphophone Company, 56 Americans with Disabilities Act (1990),
318n
Andromeda, 203 Anello, Douglas(道格拉斯阿内洛), 60 animated cartoons, 21-24 antiretroviral drugs, 257-61 Apple Corporation, 203, 264, 302 architecture, constraint effected through,
122, 123, 124, 318n archive.org, 112
see also Internet Archive archives, digital, 108-15, 173, 222, 226-27 Aristotle, 150
Armstrong(阿姆斯特朗), Edwin Howard(霍华德埃德温), 3-6, 184, 196 Arrow, Kenneth(肯尼斯阿罗), 232
art, underground, 地下艺术186
artists:艺术家
publicity rights on images of, 317n recording industry payments to, 52,
58-59, 74, 195, 196-97, 199, 301, 329n-30n
retrospective compilations on, 100-104 ASCAP, 18
Asia, commercial piracy in, 亚洲的商业盗版63, 64, 65, 302 AT&T, 美国电话电报公司6
Ayer, Don(唐·艾尔), 230, 237, 239, 244, 248
Bacon, Francis(弗朗西斯·培根), 93
Barish, Stephanie(斯特凡妮·巴里什), 38, 39, 46
Barlow, Joel(乔尔·巴洛), 8
Barnes & Noble(巴尔内斯和诺布尔), 147
Barry, Hank(汉克·巴里), 189, 191 BBC, 270
Beatles, 57披头四/甲壳虫乐队（？）
Beckett, Thomas(托马斯·贝克特), 92
Bell, Alexander Graham, 3 Berlin Act (1908)柏林法案, 327n Berman, Howard L., 322n, 324n Berne Convention (1908)伯尔尼公约, 250, 327 n Bernstein, Leonard, 72 伯恩斯坦
Betamax, 75-76
biomedical research, 262-63生物医学研究
Black, Jane, 70珍妮·布莱克
blogs (Web-logs),网志 41, 42-45, 310n-11n BMG, 162
BMW, 191巴伐利亚发动机制造公司/宝马？
Boies, David, 105
Boland, Lois, 265, 266-68
Bolling, Ruben, 246, 247
Bono, Mary, 215, 326n
Bono, Sonny, 215, 325n
books:书籍
English copyright law developed for,
85-94 free on-line releases of, 72-73, 284-85 on Internet, 143, 144, 148-53
out of print, 72, 113, 134, 299, 317n resales of, 72, 134, 299, 314n
three types of uses of, 141-43
total number of, 114
booksellers, English, 88-94, 316n Boswell, James, 91
bots, 108, 161
Boyle, James, 129
Braithwaite, John, 267
Branagh, Kenneth, 85, 88
Brandeis, Louis, 34
Brazil, free culture in, 270
Breyer, Stephen, 234, 235, 242, 243 Brezhnev, Leonid, 128
British Parliament, 86, 87, 89-90, 91-92,英国议会
94 broadcast flag, 193, 324n Bromberg, Dan, 230
Brown, John Seely, 45, 46, 47, 127 browsing, 145, 147, 277-78 Buchanan, James, 232 Bunyan, John, 93
Burdick, Quentin, 60
Bush, George W., 323n 乔治·W·布什
cable television, 有线电视59-61, 74-75, 162, 163, 302 camera technology, 32-33, 34, 35, 127 Camp Chaos, 106
CARP (Copyright Arbitration Royalty
Panel), 324n cars, MP3 sound systems in, 191 Carson, Rachel, 129
cartoon films, 21-25动画片
Casablanca, 〈卡萨布兰卡〉148
cassette recording, 69-70, 314n卡带录音
VCRs, 75-76, 77, 158-60, 194, 297, 320n Causby, Thomas Lee, 2, 3, 7, 11, 12, 256,
307n
Causby, Tinie, 2, 3, 7, 11, 12, 256, 307n CBS, 164
CD-ROMs, film clips used in, 100-104 CDs:
copyright marking of, 291
foreign piracy of, 63, 64
mix technology and, 203-4 preference data on, 189-90
prices of, 70, 302
sales levels of, 70-71, 314n
cell phones, 移动电话music streamed over, 298 chimeras, 怪胎178-79
Christensen, Clayton M., 166, 313n, 321n circumvention technologies, 156, 157-60 civil liberties, 205-7
Clark, Kim B., 321n
CNN, 44
Coase, Ronald, 232
Code (Lessig), xiii, xiv, 121, 318n CodePink Women for Peace, xiv, 269 Coe, Brian, 33
Comcast, 321n
comics, Japanese, 日本漫画25-26, 27-28, 29, 309n commerce, interstate, 219, 236, 326n Commerce, U.S. Department of, 126 commercials, 36, 45-46, 127, 167-68, 321n common law, 86, 90, 91, 92
Commons, John R., 318n Communications Decency Act (1996), 325 n composers, copyright protections of,
55-59, 74
compulsory license, 57-58 computer games, 37计算机游戏
Conger, 85, 87, 88-89, 90, 91 Congress, U.S.:美国国会
on cable television, 61, 74-75 challenge of CTEA legislation of,
228-48 constitutional powers of, 215-16,
219-20, 233, 234-35, 238-39, 240 in constitutional Progress Clause,
130-31, 236 on copyright laws, 56-57, 61, 74-75, 76,
77-78, 133, 134-35, 193, 194, 196, 197, 294, 324n
copyright terms extended by, 134-35,
214-18, 219-21, 228, 236 on derivative rights, 294
on digital audio tape, 315n lobbying of, 217-18
on radio, 196, 197
on recording industry, 56-57, 74, 196 Supreme Court restraint on, 218-19,
220, 234 on VCR technology, 76, 77 Conrad, Paul, 158, 159, 160 Constitution, U.S.:
Commerce Clause of, 219, 233, 244,
326n copyright purpose established in, 130-31,
220, 221, 308n, 326n on creative property, 119-20, 130 Fifth Amendment to, 119
First Amendment to, 10, 128, 142, 168,
228, 230, 234, 244, 319n originalist interpretation of, 243 Progress Clause of, 130-31, 215, 218,
232, 236, 243-44 structural checks and balances of, 131 Takings Clause of, 119
Consumer Broadband and Digital
Television Promotion Act, 324n contracts, 320n
Conyers, John, Jr., 322n
cookies, Internet, 278
“copyleft” licenses, 328n
copyright:著作权
constitutional purpose of, 130-31, 220,
221, 308n, 326n
Creative Commons licenses for material in, 282-86
duration of, 24-25, 86, 89-94, 130, 131,
133-35, 172, 214-18, 220, 221-22,
292-93, 294-95, 309n, 319n
four regulatory modalities on, 124-26,
132 infringement lawsuits on, see copyright infringement lawsuits
marking of, 137, 288, 290-91
as narrow monopoly right, 87-94
of natural authors vs. corporations, 135 no registration of works, 222-23, 249 in perpetuity, 89-90, 91, 92-93, 170,
215, 243, 246, 318n, 325n-26n as property, 83-84, 172 renewability of, 86, 133-34, 135, 289-90,
293, 309n, 319n scope of, 136-39, 140, 169-72, 295, 320 n usage restrictions attached to, 87-88,
143-44, 146, 320n voluntary reform efforts on, 275, 277-86 see also copyright law
Copyright Act (1790), 133, 137-38, 319n Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel
(CARP), 324n copyright infringement lawsuits: distribution technology targeted in,
75-77, 190, 191, 323n exaggerated claims of, 51, 180, 185, 187,
190, 206, 322n individual defendants intimidated by,
51-52, 185, 187, 200, 270 in recording industry, 50-52, 180, 185,
190, 200, 270, 322n, 323n statutory damages of, 51 against student file sharing, 50-52, 180,
322n willful infringement findings in, 146 zero tolerance in, 73-74, 180-81 copyright law:
authors vs. composers in, 56-57
on cable television rebroadcasting,
59-61, 74-75 circumvention technology banned by,
156, 157-60 commercial creativity as primary purpose of, 8, 204, 308 n
copyright law (cont.) copies as core issue of, 139-40, 141-44,
146, 171, 319n, 320n creativity impeded by, 19, 184-88, 308n development of, 85-94, 316n
English, 17, 85-94, 316n
European, 137, 250, 327n
as ex post regulation modality, 121-22 fair use and, 95-99, 107, 141-42, 143,
145, 146, 157, 160, 172, 186-87, 283, 292, 316n
felony punishment for infringement of,
180, 215, 223, 322n formalities reinstated in, 287-91, 329n government reforms proposed on,
287-306 history of American, 132-38, 170-71 illegal behavior as broad response to,
199-207 innovation hampered by, 188-99 innovative freedom balanced with fair compensation in, 75, 77-79, 120, 129-30, 172-73
international compliance with, 63-64,
313n
Japanese, 26, 27-28 lawyers as detriment to, 292, 304-6 malpractice lawsuits against lawyers advising on, 190-91
on music recordings, 55-58, 74, 181,
195, 291 privacy interests in, 308n as protection of creators, 10, 131, 204 registration requirement of, 137, 170-71,
248-54, 288, 289-90, 291, 327n on republishing vs. transformation of original work, 19, 136, 138-39, 144-45, 170-72, 294-96, 319n royalty proposal on derivative reuse in, 106 statutory licenses in, 56-58, 64, 74, 194,
295-96, 300
Supreme Court case on term extension of, 218, 228-48
technology as automatic enforcer of, 147,
148-61, 181, 186, 203, 320n, 324n term extensions in, 134-35, 214-18,
219-21, 228-48 two central goals of, 75 Copyright Office, 252-53, 289, 291 corporations:
copyright terms for, 135
in pharmaceutical industry, 260
“Country of the Blind, The” (Wells),
177-78
Court of Appeals:
D.C. Circuit, 228-29, 231, 235
Ninth Circuit, 76, 105, 323n cover songs, 57
Creative Commons, 270, 282-86 creative property:
of authors vs. composers, 56-57 common law protections of, 133 constitutional tradition on, 118-20,
130-31 “if value, then right” theory of, 18-19,
53 noncommercial second life of, 112-13,
114-15 other property rights vs., 117-24, 140 see also intellectual property rights creativity:
labor shift to, 308n
legal restrictions on, 19, 184-88, 308n by transforming previous works,
22-24, 25-29 see also innovation
Crichton, Michael, 37 criminal justice system, 167 Crosskey, William W., 318n CTEA, see Sonny Bono Copyright Term
Extension Act culture:
archives of, 108-15, 173, 226-27 commerical vs. noncommercial, 7-8,
170-72, 225 see also free culture
Cyber Rights (Godwin), 40
Daguerre, Louis, 31
Daley, Elizabeth, 36-37, 38, 39-40, 46 DAT (digital audio tape), 315 n, 330n Data General, 279
Day After Trinity, The, 97
D.C. Court of Appeals, 228-29, 231, 235 DDT, 129-30
Dean, Howard, 43
democracy: digital sharing within, 184 media concentration and, 166 public discourse in, 42, 45 semiotic, 301-2
in technologies of expression, 33, 35,
41-42, 43, 44-45
Democratic Party, 249 derivative works, 329n fair use vs., 145
First Amendment and, 319n historical shift in copyright coverage of,
136, 170-72 piracy vs., 22-24, 25-29, 138-39, 141 reform of copyright term and scope on,
294-96 royalty system proposed for, 106 technological developments and, 144, 171 developing countries, foreign patent costs in, 63, 257-61, 313n
Diamond Multimedia Systems, 323n digital audio tape (DAT), 315 n, 330n digital cameras, 35, 127
Digital Copyright (Litman), 194
Digital Millennium Copyright Act
(DMCA), 156, 157, 159, 160, 181 Diller, Barry, 165-66
DirecTV, 163
Dirty Harry, 101
Disney, Inc., 23-24, 116, 145-46, 218, 231
Sony Betamax technology opposed by,
75-76
Disney, Walt, 21-24, 25, 26, 28-29, 33-34,
78, 115, 139, 213, 220, 309n
DMCA (Digital Millennium Copyright
Act), 156, 157, 159, 160, 181
Doctorow, Cory, 72-73, 284 doctors, malpractice claims against, 185,
323n documentary film, 95-99 domain names, 289
Donaldson, Alexander, 90-91, 92 Donaldson v. Beckett, 92-94 Douglas, William O., 2-3 doujinshi comics, 25-26, 27-28, 29 Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom
(Doctorow), 72-73, 284
Drahos, Peter, 267 DreamWorks, 106-7
Dreyfuss, Rochelle, 18 driving speed, constraints on, 123-24, 207 Drucker, Peter, 103
drugs:
illegal, 166-67, 201, 207, 321n pharmaceutical, 257-61, 266, 327n,
328n
Dryden, John, 316n
“Duck and Cover” film, 112 DVDs:
piracy of, 64
price of, 70
Dylan, Bob, 270
Eagle Forum, 231, 232
Eastman, George, 31-34 Eastwood, Clint, 100-103, 295 e-books, 144, 148-53
Edison, Thomas, 3, 53-54, 55, 69, 78 education:
in media literacy, 35-40 tinkering as means of, 45-47, 50 Eldred, Eric, 213-15, 218, 220, 221, 229,
249, 325n
Eldred Act, 249-54, 255 Eldred v. Ashcroft, 220, 228-48, 292 elections, 41-42, 43
electoral college, 120, 131 Electronic Frontier Foundation, 205 Else, Jon, 95-99, 186
e-mail, 42
EMI, 162, 191
Eminem, 270
eMusic.com, 181-82
encryption systems, 155-56 England, copyright laws developed in,
85-94
Enlightenment, 89 environmentalism, 129-30 ephemeral films, 112
Errors and Omissions insurance, 98 Erskine, Andrew, 91
ethics, 201
expression, technologies of: democratic, 33, 35, 41-42, 43,
44-45 media literacy and, 35-40
Fairbank, Robert, 105 fair use, 141-43 circumvention technology ban and,
157-58
Creative Commons license vs., 283 in documentary film, 95-99, 316n fuzziness of, 292
Internet burdens on, 143, 145 legal intimidation tactics against, 98-99,
146, 172, 186-87 in sampling works, 107 technological restriction of, 160 Fallows, James, 163-64
Fanning, Shawn, 67
Faraday, Michael, 3
farming, 127, 129
FCC:
on FM radio, 5-6
on media bias, 321n
media ownership regulated by, xiv-xv,
162, 269 on television production studios, 165 Felton, Ed, 47, 155-57, 158, 160 feudal system, 267
Fifth Amendment, 119
film industry:
consolidation of, 163
luxury theaters vs. video piracy in, 302 patent piracy at inception of, 53-55 rating system of, 117
trade association of, 116-17, 119, 218,
253-54, 256 trailer advertisements of, 145-46 VCR taping facility opposed by,
75-76 films: animated, 21-24 archive of, 111, 112 clips and collages of, 100-107 digital copies of, 324n
fair use of copyrighted material in,
95-99 multiple copyrights associated with, 95,
101-3, 224 in public domain, 223-25, 254 restoration of, 224, 226
total number of, 114
film sampling, 107 First Amendment, 10, 128, 142, 168, 319n copyright extension as violation of, 228,
230, 234, 244 first-sale doctrine, 146 Fisher, William, 197, 301, 324 n, 330n Florida, Richard, 20, 308n
FM radio, 4-6, 128, 196, 256 Forbes, Steve, 249, 253
formalities, 137, 287-91
Fourneaux, Henri, 55
Fox, William, 54
Fox (film company), 96, 97, 98, 163 free culture:
Creative Commons licenses for recreation of, 282-86 defined, xvi
derivative works based on, 29-30 English legal establishment of, 94 four modalities of constraint on, 121-26,
317n, 318n permission culture vs., xiv, 8, 173 restoration efforts on previous aspects of,
277-82
Free for All (Wayner), 285 free market, technological changes in, 127-28 Free Software Foundation, xv, 231-32, 280 free software/open-source software (FS/
OSS), 45, 65, 264-66, 279-80, 328n French copyright law, 327 n
Fried, Charles, 233, 237
Friedman, Milton, 232
Frost, Robert, 214, 216-17, 220
Future of Ideas, The (Lessig), 148, 150, 189,
292
Garlick, Mia, 284
Gates, Bill, 128, 266
General Film Company, 54 General Public License (GPL), 265, 280 generic drugs, 266
German copyright law, 327n Gershwin, George, 233, 234
Gil, Gilberto, 270
Ginsburg, Ruth Bader, 234, 235, 242 Girl Scouts, 18
Global Positioning System, 263
GNU/Linux operating system, 65, 232,
264, 280
Godwin, Mike, 40
Goldstein, Paul, 295
Google, 48-49, 50
GPL (General Public License), 265, 280 Gracie Films, 96
Grimm fairy tales, 23, 28, 213-14 Grisham, John, 57, 294-95
Groening, Matt, 96, 97, 98
Grokster, Ltd., 323n
guns, 159-60, 219
hacks, 154
Hal Roach Studios, 223, 232 Hand, Learned, 312n handguns, 159-60
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 213, 214 Henry V, 85
Henry VIII, King of England, 88 Herrera, Rebecca, 96, 97 Heston, Charlton, 60
history, records of, 109
HIV/AIDS therapies, 257-61 Hollings, Fritz, 324n
Hollywood film industry, 53-55 see also film industry
Horovitz, Jed, 187-88
House of Lords, 92-93, 94 Hummer, John, 191
Hummer Winblad, 191
Hyde, Rosel, 60
IBM, 264, 279 “if value, then right” theory, 18-19, 53 images, ownership of, 34, 186 innovation, 67, 313n
copyright profit balanced with, 75, 77-79 industry establishment opposed to, 75-76,
188-99 media conglomeration as disincentive for, 164-66
see also creativity Innovator's Dilemma, The (Christensen),
166, 321n insecticide, environmental consequences of,
129-30
Intel, 194, 232 intellectual property rights, 11-12 components of, 309n
of drug patents, 260-61, 328n international organization on issues of,
262-64, 265-67, 328n
U.S. Patent Office on private control of,
266-69 international law, 63-64, 258-59, 313n Internet:
blogs on, 41, 42-45, 310n-11n books on, 72-73, 143-44, 148-53,
284-85 copyright applicability altered by technology of, 141-44 copyright enforced through, 149-57,
161 copyright regulatory balance lost with,
125-26 creative Web sites on, 185 cultural process transformed by, 7-8 development of, 7, 262, 276-77 domain name registration on, 289 efficient content distribution on, 17-18,
193-94 encryption systems designed for, 155-56 initial free character of, 276-77
music files downloaded from, 67, 180-82,
199, 313n, 323n, 324n news events on, 40-41, 43 peer-generated rankings on, 43 peer-to-peer file sharing on, see peer-to- peer (p2p) file sharing pornography on, 325n
privacy protection on, 278-79
public discourse conducted on, 41-45 radio on, 194-99, 324n
search engines used on, 48-50
speed of access to, 297-98
user identities released by service providers of, 186, 205-6, 322n Internet Archive, 108-10, 112, 114, 222, 232 Internet Explorer, 65
interstate commerce, 219, 236, 326n
Iraq war, 44, 310n, 317n
ISPs (Internet service providers), user identities revealed by, 186, 205-6, 322n Iwerks, Ub, 22
Japanese comics, 25-26, 27-28, 29, 309n Jaszi, Peter, 216, 245
Jefferson, Thomas, 84, 120, 284
Johnson, Lyndon, 116 Johnson, Samuel, 93
Jones, Day, Reavis and Pogue ( Jones Day),
229-30, 232, 237
Jonson, Ben, 316n
Jordan, Jesse, 48, 49-52, 185, 200, 206 journalism, 44
jury system, 42
Just Think!, 35-36, 41, 45-46
Kahle, Brewster, 47, 110-15, 222, 226-27,
317n
Kaplan, Benjamin, 294 Kazaa, 67, 71, 179, 180 Keaton, Buster, 22, 23, 28 Kelly, Kevin, 255
Kennedy, Anthony, 234, 239, 244, 248 Kennedy, John F., 116, 195 Kittredge, Alfred, 56
knowledge, freedom of, 89
Kodak cameras, 32-33, 34, 127, 184 Kodak Primer, The (Eastman), 32 Kozinski, Alex, 76
Krim, Jonathan, 265
labor, 308n, 318n land ownership, air traffic and, 1-3, 294 Laurel and Hardy films, 223
law:
citizen respect for, 199-207 common vs. positive, 86, 90
as constraint modality, 121-22, 123-24,
125, 317n on copyrights, see copyright law databases of case reports in, 65,
280-81 federal vs. state, 133 law schools, 201 lawyers:
copyright cultural balance impeded by,
292, 304-6 malpractice suits against, 190-91 Leaphart, Walter, 285
Lear, Norman, 164, 165
legal realist movement, 322
legal system, attorney costs in, 51-52, 185,
186-87, 304-6 Lessig, Lawrence, xiii, xiv, 121, 148, 150,
189, 292, 318n
Eldred case involvement of, 215, 216,
218, 228-48 in international debate on intellectual property, 263-64, 267-68, 328n Lessing, Lawrence, 5-6
Lexis and Westlaw, 280-81
libraries:
archival function of, 109, 111, 113, 114,
173, 227 journals in, 280, 281 privacy rights in use of, 278 of public-domain literature, 213-14 Library of Congress, 110, 111, 198 Licensing Act (1662), 86
Liebowitz, Stan, 313n, 330n
Linux operating system, 65, 232, 264, 280 Litman, Jessica, 194
Lofgren, Zoe, 253
Lott, Trent, 43
Lovett, Lyle, 179, 189
Lucas, George, 98乔治·卢卡斯
Lucky Dog, The, 223
McCain, John, 162
Madonna, 59, 121 manga, 25-26, 27-28, 29, 309n Mansfield, William Murray, Lord, 17, 91 Marijuana Policy Project, 321n
market competition, 128, 147
market constraints, 122, 123, 125, 188, 192,
318n
Marx Brothers, 147-48, 152 media:
blog pressure on, 43 commercial imperatives of, 43, 44 ownership concentration in, xiv-xv, 4-6,
44, 162-68, 269-70 media literacy, 35-40
Mehra, Salil, 27, 309n Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios, Inc. v.
Grokster, Ltd., 323n
MGM, 116
Michigan Technical University, 51 Mickey Mouse, 21-22, 139, 220, 221, 231 Microsoft, 100
competitive strategies of, 65
on free software, 264, 265, 328n government case against, 155 international software piracy of, 65 network file system of, 49 Windows operating system of, 65 WIPO meeting opposed by, 265 Middlemarch (Eliot), 148-50, 151 Mill, John Stuart, 318n
Millar v. Taylor, 91, 92
Milton, John, 89, 93, 316n monopoly, copyright as, 88-94 Monroe, Marilyn, 195
Morrison, Alan, 232
Motion Picture Association of America
(MPAA), 116-17, 119, 218, 253-54, 256
Motion Pictures Patents Company
(MPPC), 53-54, 63
Movie Archive, 112
Moyers, Bill, 165
MP3.com, 189-90
MP3 players, 191
MP3s, 125
see also peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood, 158
MTV, 69-70
Müller, Paul Hermann, 129
Murdoch, Rupert, 163
music publishing, 17, 55-56
music recordings:
total number of, 114
see peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing; recording industry
MusicStore, 302
Myers, Mike, 106-7
my.mp3.com, 189-90
Napster, 34, 60, 105 infringing material blocked by, 73-74 number of registrations on, 67 range of content on, 68
recording industry tracking of users of,
206 replacement of, 67 venture capital for, 191 Nashville Songwriters Association, 221 National Writers Union, 232
NBC, 321n
Needleman, Rafe, 191
Nesson, Charlie, 201
NET (No Electronic Theft) Act (1998),
215
Netanel, Neil Weinstock, 10, 329n Netscape, 65
New Hampshire (Frost), 214 News Corp., 163
news coverage, 40-41, 43, 44, 110-12 newspapers:
archives of, 109, 110
ownership consolidation of, 163 Nick and Norm anti-drug campaign, 167,
321n
Nimmer, David, 105
Nimmer, Melville, 304 1984 (Orwell), 108-9 Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, 76, 105,
323n
Nixon, Richard, 293
No Electronic Theft (NET) Act (1998),
215 norms, regulatory influence of, 122, 123,
125
O'Connor, Sandra Day, 234, 238 Olafson, Steve, 310n-11n Olson, Theodore B., 240
open-source software, see free software/ open-source software
Oppenheimer, Matt, 51
originalism, 243
Orwell, George, 108-9乔治·奥威尔
parallel importation, 258
Paramount Pictures, 116 Patent and Trademark Office, U.S., 265-69 patents:
duration of, 54-55, 242, 292
on film technology, 53-55
on pharmaceuticals, 258-61, 266, 328n in public domain, 135, 214
Patterson, Raymond, 90
peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing:
benefits of, 71-73, 79
of books, 72-73
efficiency of, 17-18
felony punishments for, 180, 215, 322n
peer-to-peer file sharing (cont.) four types of, 68-69, 296-97 infringement protections in, 73-74,
181-82 participation levels of, 67, 313n piracy vs., 66-79
reform proposals of copyright restraints on, 296-304
regulatory balance lost in, 125, 206-7 shoplifting vs., 179-80
total legalization of, 180
zero-tolerance of, 180-82
Peer-to-Peer Piracy Prevention Act,
324n permission culture: free culture vs., xiv, 8, 173 transaction burdens of, 192-93 permissions:
coded controls vs., 149-53 photography exempted from, 33-35 for use of film clips, 100-107
see also copyright
pharmaceutical patents, 258-61, 328n phonograph, 55
photocopying machines, 171 photography, 31-35
Picker, Randal C., 324n
piracy:
in Asia, 63, 64, 65, 302 commercial, 62-66, 313n derivative work vs., 22-24, 25-29,
138-39, 141 in development of content industry,
53-61, 312n of intangible property, 64, 71, 179-80 international, 63-64
profit reduction as criterion of, 66-71, 73 p2p file sharing vs., 66-79
uncritical rejection of, 183-84
player pianos, 55, 56, 75
PLoS (Public Library of Science), 262,
281-82
Pogue, David, xiii political discourse, 41, 42-45 Politics (Aristotle), 150 Porgy and Bess, 233 pornography, 233, 325n positive law, 86, 90 power, concentration of, xv, 12
Prelinger, Rick, 112
Princeton University, 51 privacy rights, 205, 277-79 Progress Clause, 130-31, 215, 218, 232,
236, 243-44 prohibition, citizen rebellion against,
199-207
Promises to Keep (Fisher), 301 property rights:
air traffic vs., 1-3, 294
as balance of public good vs. private interests, 172-73, 322n copyright vs., 83-84, 172-73 feudal system of, 267
formalities associated with, 287-88 intangibility of, 84, 315n
Takings Clause on, 119
see also copyright; creative property; intellectual property rights proprietary code, 279-80 protectionism, of artists vs. business interests, 9
p2p file sharing, see peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing
Public Citizen, 232
public domain:公有领域
access fees for material in, 281 balance of U.S. content in, 133, 170-72,
318n-19n content industry opposition to, 253-56 defined, 24
e-book restrictions on, 148-50, 152-53 English legal establishment of, 93 films in, 223-25, 254
future patents vs. future copyrights in,
134-35, 214 legal murkiness on, 185-86 library of works derived from, 213-14 license system for rebuilding of, 281-86 protection of, 220-21
p2p sharing of work in, 73
public projects in, 262-63
traditional term for conversion to,
24-25
Public Enemy, 285公敌
Public Library of Science (PloS), 262,
281-82
Quayle, Dan, 110
radio:
FM spectrum of, 3-6, 128, 196, 256 on Internet, 194-99
music recordings played on, 58-59, 74,
195, 312n ownership consolidation in, 162-63 railroad industry, 127
rap music, 107
RCA, 4-5, 6, 7, 128, 184, 256, 275 Reagan, Ronald, 233, 237, 263罗纳德·里根
Real Networks, 302
recording industry:
artist remuneration in, 52, 58-59, 74,艺术家酬劳
195, 196-97, 199, 301, 329n-30n CD sales levels in, 70-71, 314n composers' rights vs. producers' rights in,
56-58, 74 copyright infringement lawsuits of,
50-52, 180, 185, 190, 200, 270, 322n, 323n
copyright protections in, 55-58, 74, 181,
195, 291 international piracy in, 国际盗版63 Internet radio hampered by, 196-99,
324n new recording technology opposed by,
69-70, 314n out-of-print music of, 68, 71-72, 314n ownership concentration in, 162 piracy in, 55-58
radio broadcast and, 58-59, 74, 196, 312n statutory license system in, 56-58 Recording Industry Association of America
(RIAA): on CD sales decline, 70, 71 on circumvention technology, 158, 160 copyright infringement lawsuits filed by,
50-52, 180, 185, 190, 200, 270, 322n on encryption system critique, 156-57 on Internet radio fees, 197, 198-99 intimidation tactics of, 51-52, 200, 206 ISP user identities sought by, 205-6, 322 n lobbying power of, 52, 197, 218 Recording Industry Association of America
(RIAA) v. Diamond Multimedia Systems, 323n Recording Industry Association of America v. Verizon Internet Services, 322n regulation:
as establishment protectionism, 126-28,
188-99 four modalities of, 121-26, 317n, 318n outsize penalties of, 190, 192
rule of law degraded by excess of,
199-207
Rehnquist, William H., 219, 234, 239-40 remote channel changers, 127 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), 48 computer network search engine of,
49-51
Republican Party, 104, 249共和党
“Rhapsody in Blue”《蓝色狂想曲》 (Gershwin)格什温, 221 RIAA, see Recording Industry Association of America
“Rip, Mix, Burn” technologies, 203
Rise of the Creative Class, The (Florida), 20,
308n
Roberts, Michael, 189 robotic dog, 153-55, 156, 157, 160 Rogers, Fred, 158, 320n
Romeo and Juliet罗密欧与朱丽叶 (Shakespeare莎士比亚), 85-86, 87,
316n
Rose, Mark, 91
RPI, see Rensselaer Polytechnic 理工学院
Institute
Rubenfeld, Jed, 319n
Russel, Phil, 55
Saferstein, Harvey, 104-5
Safire, William, 威廉·萨弗xiv-xv, 269 San Francisco Muni, 321n San Francisco Opera, 95, 97 Sarnoff, David, 5
Saturday Night Live, 106 Scalia, Antonin, 234, 238, 240, 247 Scarlet Letter, The (Hawthorne), 214 Schlafly, Phyllis, 231
schools, gun possession near, 219 Schwartz, John, 79
scientific journals, 280, 281-82 Scottish publishers, 86, 90-91, 93 Screen Actors Guild, 60
search engines, 48-50
“Seasons, The” (Thomson), 91
Secure Digital Music Initiative (SDMI),
155-56 semiotic democracy, 301-2 Senate, U.S., 120, 131
FCC media ownership rules reversed by,
269 see also Congress, U.S. Sentelle, David, 228-29, 231, 235, 243 September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks of, 40,
41, 111-12
Seuss, Dr., 233, 234
Shakespeare, William, 29, 85, 87, 88, 93, 316n sheet music, 17, 56
Silent Spring《寂静的春天》 (Carson卡尔松), 129
Simpsons, The, 《辛普森一家》95-98
single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs),
262-63
Sites, Kevin, 凯文·310n-11n 60 Minutes, 105, 111
Slade, Michael, 101 slavery, 120
Smith, David, 大卫·史密斯309n
Snowe, Olympia, xv software, open-source, see free software/ open-source software
Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension
Act (CTEA) (1998), 134, 135, 215, 218, 221, 223
Supreme Court challenge of, 228, 230,
231, 234-48, 252, 304 Sony:
Aibo robotic dog produced by, 153-55,
156, 157
Betamax technology developed by, 75-76 Sony Music Entertainment, 162
Sony Pictures Entertainment, 116
Sousa, John Philip, 56
Souter, David, 234, 235, 242, 244
South Africa, Republic of, pharmaceutical imports by, 258-59
speech, freedom of, 318n
constitutional guarantee of, 128
film-rating system vs., 117
useful criticism fostered by, 156 speeding, constraints on, 123-24, 207 spider, 108
Spielberg, Steven, 史蒂文·斯皮尔伯格107
Stallman, Richard, xv-xvi, 279-80, 330n
Stanford University, 282
Star Wars, 《星球大战》98
Starwave, 100-101
Statute of Anne (1710), 86, 87, 89, 90, 91,
92, 133
Statute of Monopolies (1656), 88 statutory damages, 51
statutory licenses, 57-58, 64, 74, 194,
295-96, 300
Steamboat Bill, Jr., 22-23, 26, 34 Steamboat Willie, 21-23, 309n steel industry, 127
Stevens, John Paul, 234, 235, 242 Stevens, Ted, xv
Stewart, Gordon, 229, 230 Story, Joseph, 252
Sullivan, Kathleen, 232-33 Superman comics, 27
Supreme Court, U.S.:
access to opinions of, 281
on airspace vs. land rights, 2-3, 307n annual docket of, 229
on balance of interests in copyright law,
77, 78 on cable television, 61 congressional actions restrained by,
218-19, 220, 234 on copyright term extensions, 218, 228-48 factions of, 234-35
House of Lords vs., 92英国上院
on Internet pornography restrictions, 325n on television advertising bans, 168
on VCR technology, 76-77 Sutherland, Donald, 102
Takings Clause, 119
Talbot, William, 31
Tatel, David, 229
Tauzin, Billy, 324n tax system, 201
Taylor, Robert, 91 technology: archival opportunity afforded through,
113-14, 115 of circumvention, 156, 157-60 of copying, 171
copyright enforcement controlled by, 147,
148-61, 181, 186, 203-4, 320n, 324n
copyright intent altered by, 141-44 cut-and-paste culture enabled by, 105-6,
203 of digital capturing and sharing, 184-85 established industries threatened by changes in, 69-70, 126-28 innovative improvements in, 67, 313n legal murkiness on, 192
television, 6
advertising on, 36, 127, 167-68, 321n cable vs. broadcast, 59-61, 74-75, 302 controversy avoided by, 168, 321n independent production for, 164-66 industry trade association of, 116 ownership consolidation in, 162, 163 VCR taping of, 75-76, 158-60 Television Archive, 110, 111-12
Thomas, Clarence, 234
Thomson, James, 91, 92
Thurmond, Strom, 43
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 42
Tonson, Jacob, 85, 86, 316n
tort reform, 323n
Torvalds, Linus, 280
Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement, 313n Turner, Ted, 269
Twentieth Century Fox, 116 二十世纪福克斯
twins, as chimera, 178-79
United Kingdom: copyright requirements in, 327n history of copyright law in, 85-94 public creative archive in, 270 United States Trade Representative
(USTR), 258-59
United States v. Lopez, 219, 220, 234,
235-36, 239, 241, 242, 243
United States v. Morrison, 219, 234 Universal Music Group, 162, 191 Universal Pictures, 75-76, 116 university computer networks, p2p sharing on, 48-51, 180, 206-7, 270, 322n used record sales, 72, 314n
Vaidhyanathan, Siva, 316n, 322n Valenti, Jack, 205, 238 background of, 116, 117 on creative property rights, 10, 117-20,
140
Eldred Act opposed by, 253 perpetual copyright term proposed by,
326n on VCR technology, 76 Vanderbilt University, 110 VCRs, 75-76, 77, 158-60, 194, 297,
320n venture capitalists, 189, 191 Verizon Internet Services, 205, 322n
veterans' pensions, 293
Video Pipeline, 145-46, 187 Vivendi Universal, 182, 190
von Lohmann, Fred, 205, 207
Wagner, Richard, 95, 97
Warner Brothers, 101, 116, 147-48, 152 Warner Music Group, 162
Way Back Machine, 108, 109, 110 Wayner, Peter, 284
Web-logs (blogs), 41, 42-45, 310n-11n Web sites, domain name registration of,
289
Webster, Noah, 8
Wellcome Trust, 262
Wells, H. G., 177-78
White House press releases, 317n willful infringement, 146 Windows, 65
Winer, Dave, 44-45
Winick, Judd, 26-27
WJOA, 321n
WorldCom, 185
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), 262-64, 265-67, 328 n
World Summit on the Information Society 信息社会世界峰会
(WSIS), 263-64, 266
World Trade Center, 40 World Wide Web, 262 WRC, 321n
Wright brothers, 1, 3, 11-12
莱特兄弟
Yanofsky, Dave, 36
Zimmerman, Edwin, 60-61
Zittrain, Jonathan, 324n
关于作者---(4)
Free Culture ---Chinese Edition (自由文化)
By Lawrence Lessig
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
LAWRENCE LESSIG (http://www.lessig.org), professor of law and a John A. Wilson Distinguished Faculty Scholar at Stanford Law School, is founder of the Stanford Center for Internet and Society and is chairman of the Creative Commons (http://creativecommons.org). The author of The Future of Ideas (Random House, 2001) and Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace (Basic Books, 1999), Lessig is a member of the boards of the Public Library of Science, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, and Public Knowledge. He was the winner of the Free Software Foundation’s Award for the Advancement of Free Software, twice listed in BusinessWeek’s “e.biz 25,” and named one of Scientific American’s “50 visionaries.” A graduate of the University of Pennsylvania, Cambridge University, and Yale Law School, Lessig clerked for Judge Richard Posner of the U.S. Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals.
关于作者
Lawrence Lessig(http://www.lessig.org), 斯坦福法学院的法律教授和John
A. Wilson 杰出教员学者（Distinguished Faculty Scholar），是斯坦福互联网
与社会中心（Stanford Center for Internet and Society）的创始人和创作共
用(http://www.creativecommons.org)的主席。他是《思想的未来（The Futre
of Ideas）》（Random House, 2001)和《代码，和其他电脑空间的法律（Code:
And Other Laws of Cyberspace）》（Basic Books, 1999)的作者，Lessig是公
共科学图书馆（Public Library of Science）、电子前线基金会（Electronic
Fronter Foundation）和公共知识（Public Knowledge）的理事会成员。他曾经
获得自由软件基金会（Free Software Foundation）授予的自由软件推动奖
（ Advancement of Free Software），两次被列入《商业周刊》的“e.biz 25”
（电子商务25人），并被《科学美国人》命名为“五十位有未来眼光的人预言家
（50 visionaries）”。Lessig毕业于宾西法尼亚大学、剑桥大学和耶鲁法学院，
他曾为美国第七巡回上诉法院法官Richard Posner做书记员。
名词对照表---

名词对照表

这个表列出常见的专有名词的中文翻译，希望这样能够让各人各章的翻译能够保持一致
Yining: 加入词条的时候，请按英文字母顺序排列

在修改格式（请看本页Comments）之前，讨论一下：
当本页采用plain text格式的话，是否考虑将词汇分类？可考虑选项有：
1.词汇不分类，直接按字母排序；
2.词汇分类，比如分人名，地名，法律专有名词，技术专用词，等方面，各类内部再按字母排序
3.出现章节，方便做成索引
4.其它，请补充
专有名词
ASCAP: 美国作曲家, 作者与出版者协会[American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers]
blog, weblog: 博录？网志？
blogger, weblogger: 博客？网志作者？
blog entry: 网志条目
BusinessWeek：《商业周刊》　（关于作者）
"Code, and other laws of cyberspace": 《代码，和其他数字空间的法律》，Lessig的第一本书 （1999年）
Common Law普通法 （习惯法；不成文法）
compulsory license 强制许可（第四章）
content industry 内容产业 （第四章）
copy-right 复制权？（第三章）
creative property: 创造性财产（第十章）
CTEA，Copyright Term Extension Act　版权条款延长法案 （后记）
educational rate: 教育评估标准 参考
Electronic Frontier Foundation:　电子前线基金会　（关于作者）
eMusic.com （第十一章）
Errors and Omissions insurance: 过失责任保险
Fair Use (wikipedia) 合理使用
FCC: 美国联邦通信委员会
FM: 调频
Free Software Foundation: 自由软件基金会
GNU: 通用公共授权书
GPL（General Public License）：通用公共许可证
Internet: 互联网
killer app: 杀手应用（后记） 参考
Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA):美国电影协会
Motion Pictures Patents Company(MPPC) 电影专利公司（第四章）
National Association of Broadcasters 美国国家广播协会
Positive Law: 制定法
Princeton: 普林斯顿大学
Public Domain: 公共领域(?)
Public Knowledge：公共知识　（关于作者）
Public Library of Science, PLoS：科学公共图书馆（后记）
public performance 公开表演
RCA(Radio Corporation of America): 美国无线电公司　（后记）
recorded music 唱片，录制的音乐?
recording artist 灌唱艺术家
RIAA:美国唱片产业协会 （第十一章）
Ring Cycle: 尼伯龙根的指环，原名"Der Ring des Nibelungen"瓦格纳的四联神话歌剧 (参考)
Scientific American：《科学美国人》　（关于作者）
Screen Actor's Guild 美国演员协会
statutory license 法定许可
The Futre of Ideas：《思想的未来》　（关于作者）（莱斯格2001年的著作，蓝登版）
the Statute of Anne: 安妮女王法令 (简称安妮法)
veto power 否决权
Vivendi Universal　　（第十一章）
Web，网络？
人名
Alexis de Tocqueville(亚历克西·德托克维尔): 托克维尔，法国人，《美国民主》（Democracy in America)的作者
Alfred Kittredge(艾尔弗雷德·基特里奇)
Brewster Kahle(布鲁斯特·卡尔)
Charlton Heston(查尔顿·赫斯顿)
Daguerre，Louis Daguerre: 达盖尔，路易斯－达盖尔
Dave Winer (戴夫·温纳)
David Pogue(大卫·波格) 大卫
Douglas Anello(道格拉斯·阿内洛)
Ed Felten (埃德·费尔腾)
Edwin Zimmerman(埃德温·齐默尔曼)
Henri Fourneaux(亨利·富尔诺)
John Philip Sousa(约翰·菲利普·索萨)
Lyle Lovett(莱尔·洛维特)　　（第十一章）
Nunez(努内兹[意]，努涅斯[英])　　（第十一章）
Phil Russel(菲尔·拉塞尔)
Quentin Burdick(昆廷·伯迪克)
Richard Nixon 理查德·尼克松
Rosel Hyde(罗泽尔·伊德)
Stallman, Richard Stallman(理查德·斯托尔曼)
Valenti(巴伦蒂[西]，瓦伦蒂[英，葡，芬，意]) , Jack杰克‧瓦伦提
Wells(韦尔斯), H.G. 　（第十一章）
William Talbot(威廉·塔尔博特[英，德，意] 塔尔沃特[西]) 威廉
Wright(赖特[英，葡]): 莱特

Notes:(注释 Tranlsator: bxy)

Executive Summary: (Tranlsator: N/A)

Jacket: (护封(简体) Translator: Yining Proofreader: bxy)

Graphic: (Tranlsator: N/A)
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS(鸣谢（简体）Tranlsator: iCuore; Proofreader: Tian)

Index:(索引(繁體)Tranlsator: whiteg;(简体)Translator: Tian)

About The Author: (关于作者(简体）Translator: Yining Proofreader: bxy)

名词对照表